[[Aristotle|Aristotle’s]] four causes are: 1. The **material** cause 2. The **formal** cause 3. The **efficient** cause 4. The **final** cause The material cause is the substance of the thing. What it is made from. For a table this would be the wood and screws. The formal cause is the thingness of the thing. What is a table? What properties make it a table and not a chair? For example, a table has legs and a flat surface. The formal cause is what makes a final cause possible (its [[Affordance]]). The efficient cause is what brought it into being—what made it and how. For a table this would be a carpenter and tools. The final cause is the *[[Telos|telos]]*—or *end of the thing.* A table is for putting things on, eating on, and gathering around.